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c4a3c.htf
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1997-01-16
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C4A3c
Terminal Participles
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Participial phrases are such useful modifiers that there is a
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tendency to use them where they don't belong. Participial
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phrases are always adjectives and must modify a noun or
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pronoun. Adjectives cannot modify phrases or clauses.
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When a participial phrase is used at the end of a sentence
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(terminal participle), the phrase must modify either the noun
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just preceding it or the subject of the sentence.
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Note the use of the comma to show whether the participial
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phrase is with the word it modifies (no comma) or is removed
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from that word (comma).
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He ran the course
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zigzagging up the hill
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.
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(modifies course)
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He ran the course,
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singing as he went
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.
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(modifies he)
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Participial phrases cannot be used to modify concepts. In
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the first two sentences below, the terminal participle was
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intended to modify the concept of running rivers. However,
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the participial phrase will actually modify either the noun
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directly preceding it (as in the first example below) or the
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subject (as in the second example). The corrected example
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actually states the intended meaning.
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Incorrect
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He was running rivers in a kayak
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adding
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adventure to his life
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.
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(modifies
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kayak
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, not running rivers)
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Not the
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He was running rivers in a kayak,
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adding
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intended
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adventure to his life
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.
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(modifies
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he
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, not
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meaning
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running rivers)
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Correct
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Running rivers in a kayak added adventure
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to his life.
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